Grain distribution in the Roman Empire. Shaping social attitudes in the light of iconographic sources

Abstract

Aim. A presentation of the social aspects of Cura Annonae – the grain distribution system in the city of Rome – based on iconographic sources.

Methods. Library study, analysis of archaeological, iconographic (mainly numismatic) and written sources.

Results. Roman emperors presented themselves in iconographic sources in a special way – they needed to be perceived as responsible patrons, capable of providing food for their citizens, and as being blessed and favoured by the gods of abundance and generosity. The most common category of artefacts containing such images are coins, because they were used every day by every Roman citizen, so the message could spread easily and reach everyone. The significance of Cura Annonae in the imperial propaganda is observable on numismatic sources, and it adds new interpretative aspects to all the other iconography, which contains images of grain processing and distribution. When analysing sources showing activities such as measuring grain, unloading ships in a port or transporting grain along the Tiber, one should bear in mind the fact that they may be not only illustrations of the activities of individual people or private organizations, but also a testimony of a connection between them and the great, complex system of Cura Annonae.

Conclusions. Iconographic sources are material evidence of the Roman authorities’ actions, which were supposed to cause specific social effects. Comparing them with written sources allows us to fully understand the significance and complexity of the institution of Cura Annonae in Roman society.