THROUGH THE (NOT SO) PINK GLASSES: GENDER BIAS IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15503/jecs20162.158.179Keywords:
gender, informal learning, family, social representations, bias, adult learning, experience, intimate relationshipsAbstract
This article was written as part of the project funded by the National Science Centre allocated on the basis of the decision no DEC-2011/01/D/HS6/02470. It shows how social representations of intimate relationships are shared among women and where they are rooted. According to Serge Moscovici, social representations are systems of values, ideas and practices, which allow people in groups to understand each other. Thus women have such a system, which is created through their entire life within the process of informal learning. During this processes some gender bias is imposed. This bias becomes a part of social representations of intimate relationships and influences practices of „being-in-relationship”. Those practices often do not fit life situations, contributing to the deterioration of women’s quality of life . All these processes are analysed on the basis of data taken from focus group interviews (FGI) with women. During interviews women often referred to some shared meanings, which constitute their social representations. Finally, these interviews show, that close relationships are highly affected by gender bias, thus they are full of misunderstandings and internal conflicts. The findings highlight the role played by the social representations in women’s subjective experience of their intimate relationships.
Downloads
References
Brannon, L. (2002). Psychologia rodzaju. Kobiety i mężczyźni: podobni czy różni [Psychology of Gender. Women and Men: Similar or Different?]. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Budrowska, B. (2000). Macierzyństwo jako punkt zwrotny w życiu kobiety [Maternity as the Turning Point in Female’s Life]. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Funna.
Castoria, J. A. (2010). The Ontogenesis of Social Representations: A Dialectic Perspective. Papers on Social Representations, 19, 18.1-18.19.
Chmura-Rutkowska, I., Duda, M., Mazurek, M., Sołtysiak-Łuczak, A. (Eds.) (2016). Gender w podręcznikach. Projekt badawczy. Raport [Gender in School Handbooks. Research Project. Report]. Warszawa: Fundacja Feminoteka.
Chylewska-Barakat, L. (2002). Agresja a psychologiczne aspekty płci w perspektywie rozwojowej [Aggression and Psychological Aspects of Gender in Developmental Perspective]. In: A. Hulewska, A. Jasielska, M. Ziarko (Eds.), Interdyscyplinarne studia nad płcią. Od polaryzacji płciowej ku depolaryzacji rodzajowej [Interdisciplinary Studies on Gender. From Sex Polarisation to Gender Depolarisation] (pp. 53-57). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora.
Crompton, R., Lyonette, C. (2005). The new gender essentialism – domestic and family ‘choices’ and their relation to attitudes. The British Journal of Sociology, 56, 601–620.
Czapiński, J., Panek, T. (Eds.) (2015). Diagnoza społeczna 2015. Warunki i jakość życia Polaków. Raport [Social Diagnosis 2015. Conditions and the Life Quality of the Poles]. Warszawa: Rada Monitoringu Społecznego.
Dakowicz, A. (2000). Płeć psychologiczna a samoaktualizacja [Psychological Gender and Self-realisation]. Białystok: Trans Humana.
Duveen G. (2000). The Power of Ideas. Introduction. In: S. Moscovici (Ed.), Social Representations. Explorations in Social Psychology (pp. 1-17). Cambridge: Polity Press.
Duveen G., Lloyd B. (Eds.) (1990). Social Representations and The Development of Knowledge,.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Duveen G., Schields M. (1985). Children’s Ideas about Work, Wages and Social Rank. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 5, 411-412.
Duveen, G. (1993). The Development Of Social Representations Of Gender. Papers on Social Representations - Textes sur les Représentations Sociales, 2 (3), 1-7.
Foster J. (2003). Representational Projects and Interacting Forms of Knowledge. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(3), 231–244.
Giddens,A. (2004). Socjologia [Sociology]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Glaveanu, V. P. (2009). What Differences Make a Difference? A Discussion of Hegemony, Resistance and Representation. Papers on Social Representations, 18, 2.1-2.22.
Greenwood J. D. (1991). Relations and Representations. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Social Psychological Science. London: Routledge.
Grochalska, M. (2006). Życie rodzinne pracujących zawodowo kobiet i ich relacje z bezrobotnymi mężami [Family Life of Working Women and Their Relationships with Unemployed Husbands]. In: J. Ostrouch, J. (Ed.), Przywiązanie i przekraczanie. Płeć w studiach empirycznych [Attachment and Transcending. Gender in Empirical Studies] (pp.115-137). Olsztyn: Wydawnictwo UWM.
Höijer, B. (2011). Social Representations Theory. A New Theory for Media Research. Nordicom Review, 32/2, 3-16.
Howarth, C. (2002). Using the Theory of Social Representations to Explore Difference in the Research Relationship. Qualitative Research, 2 (1), 21-34.
Howarth, C. (2006). A Social Representation is Not a Quiet Thing: Exploring the Critical Potential of Social Representations Theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45 (1), 65-86.
Jodelet D. (2008). Social Representations: The Beautiful Invention. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 38:4, 411-430.
Jodelet, D. (1991). Madness and Social Representations. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Jodelet, D. (1998). Ciało, osoba i inni [Body, the Person and Others]. In: S. Moscovici (Ed.), Psychologia społeczna w relacji Ja-Inni [Social Psychology in Relation Me-Others]. Warszwa: WSiP.
Jovchelovitch S. (2007). Knowledge in Context. Representation, Cummunity and Culture, London: Routledge.
Kaschak,E. (2001). Nowa psychologia kobiety. Podejście feministyczne [New Psychology of Women. Feminist Approach]. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach. In: T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues (pp. 31-53). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Kopciewicz, L. (2011). Nauczycielskie poniżanie. Szkolna przemoc wobec dziewcząt [Teacher’s humiliation. School Violence towards Girls]. Warszawa: Difin.
Linton, A. Ch. (2015). To Includeor Not to Include: Teachers’ Social Representations of Inclusion of Students with Asperger Syndrome. Linköping Studies in Arts and Science, 656, Studies from the Swedish Institute for Disability Research No.75, Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping.
Lisowski, A. (1996). Badanie potrzeb społecznych [Exploring the Social Needs]. Warszawa: Interart.
Markova, I. (2010). Gerard Duveen on the Epistemology of Social Representations. Papers on Social Representations, 19, 4.1-4.9.
Meighan,R. (1993). Socjologia edukacji [Sociology of Education]. Toruń: Wydawnictwo UMK.
Mizielińska,J. (1997). Matki, żony, kochanki, czyli tak nas widzą. Kobieta jako podmiot i przedmiot reklamy [Mothers, Wifes, Lovers, or So They See Us. Woman as the Subject nad Object of Advertisement]. In: J. Brach – Czaina (Ed.), Od kobiety do mężczyzny i z powrotem. Rozważania o płci w kulturze [From Woman to Man and Back. Reflections on Gender in Culture] (pp. 226-246). Białystok: Trans Humana.
Moscovici S. (1993). The Invention of Society: Psychological Explanations for Social Phenomena, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Moscovici S. (1998). Elementarne formy altruizmu [Elementary forms of altruism]. In: S. Moscovici (Ed.), Psychologia społeczna w relacji Ja-Inni [Social Psychology in Relation Me-Others]. Warszawa: WSiP.
Moscovici S. (2010). Let Us Not Forget to Think, Nor the Thinkers! Papers on Social Representations, 19, 1.1-2.4.
Moscovici, S. (2000). Social Representations: Explorations in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Norman, D. A. (1993). Cognition in the Head and in the World: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Situated Action. Cognitive Science, 17, 1–6.
Nowak-Dziemianowicz, M. (2002). Doświadczenia rodzinne w narracjach. Interpretacje sensów i znaczeń [Family Experiences in Narratives. Interpretations of Senses and Meanings]. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Naukowe DSWE.
Philogene G., Deaux K. (Eds.) (2001). The Representation of the Social: Bridging Theoretical Perspectives. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Purkhardt C. (2015). Transforming Social Representations: A Social Psychology of Common Sense and Science. New York: Routledge.
Renzetti, C. M., Curran, D. J. (2005). Kobiety, mężczyźni i społeczeństwo [Women, Men and Society]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Reszke, I. (1991). Nierówności płci w teoriach. Teoretyczne wyjaśnienia nierówności płci w sferze pracy zawodowej [Gender Inequalities in Theories. Theoretical Explanations of Gender Inequalities in the Labour Area]. Warszawa: Res Publica Press.
Thorne, B. (1993). Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School. New Brunswick-NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Turner, J. H. (1998). Socjologia. Podstawowe pojęcia i ich zastosowanie [Sociology. Basic Concepts and Their Applications]. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.
Wachelke, J. (2012). Representations and Social Knowledge: an Integrative Effort Through a Normative Structural Perspective. New Ideas in Psychology, 30, 259-269.
Wagner W., Farr R., Jovchelovitch S., Lorenzi-Cioldi F., Marková I., Duveen G. and Rose D. (1999). Theory and Method of Social Representations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2 (1), 95-125.
Wagner, W. (1994). Fields of Research And Socio-Genesis of Social Representations: A Discusson of Criteria and Diagnostics. Social Science Information, 33/2, 199-228.
Wibeck, V. (2001). Exploring Focus Groups: Analyzing Focus Group Data About Genetically Modified Food. In: K. Aijmer (Ed.), Dialogue Analysis VIII: Understanding and Misunderstanding in Dialogue (287-298). Selected Papers from the 8th IADA Conference Göteborg.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
CC-BY
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. All authors agree for publishing their email adresses, affiliations and short bio statements with their articles during the submission process.